The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Essay - 1577 Words

â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† This quote, by a famous philosopher Socrates, amplifies the idea of critical thinking and its true importance. This quote explains that if we as individuals do not evaluate ourselves, then we stop living as human beings.This quote can present what is truly at stake when dealing with critical thinking. Critical thinking allows human beings to question the status quo naturally with no effect. Critical thinking is an important practice and technique one should inquire throughout their lifetime. This practice needs to be utilized and demonstrated at a young age in order for individuals to reach their full potential. When used young it will encourage adults to become more inclined to question authority and examine everyday life critically. This type of thinking enhances the identity of a person; when one does not think critically they lose their sense of identity. When we stop evaluating not just ourselves but in addition the world we lose our being. Socrates expressed his critical thinking skills by questioning authority in every possible scenario. Socrates did not care that this would cause hate from his surrounding population but in turn, isolates himself. This practice is important because it creates an ideal anyone can reach, presents us with how humanity is truly is at stake, and our never ending the search and questioning the status quo.The ideal of critical thinking can be described as: being self-critical, asses oneself andShow MoreRelatedUnexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1851 Words   |  8 Pagesconvicted for impiety to the gods and for corrupting the youth because he had taught the young adults to question, he was given the opportunity to propose his own penalty. He refused to give up his mission as the one calling Athens to the examined way of life. He refused to leave Athens, if the condition were to be that he had to give up teaching. He summed up his defense in the following way: If I say that I cannot hold my peace (by giving up my mission) because that would be to disobey the godRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1450 Words   |  6 Pagesb) The unexamined life is not worth living, quoted Socrates. It appears that, following his brilliant logic, the key to living philosophically is exactly how one interprets and scrutinizes their own life in a philosophical context. As with the nature of philosophy itself, living philosophically is also ambiguous, and it could very well be that one lives philosophically even if they do not necessarily realize it. Take, for instance, a person who questions why humans and all life forms must die;Read MoreUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For1300 Words   |  6 PagesUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For In this paper I will argue that Socrates is right about an unexamined life is no worth living for, however too much examination leads to the absurd and too little tends to keep you from obtaining knowledge, not being able to free your-self as humans are meant to be free. Socrates was a philosopher who believed that humans were meant to obtain all type of knowledge, and that such knowledge could only be achieved through examination. As Socrates stated â€Å"it is theRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1834 Words   |  8 PagesThe unexamined life is not worth living. (Apology, 41e) Socrates held this statement to himself to a point where he allowed the courts to take his life because they don’t want him to continue his quest of insights, questions and knowledge. The philosophy of Socrates as explained by Plato offers an important concept of what it means to live the examined life and what makes a life either examined or unexamined. The combination of Euthyphro, The Apology and the Republic help understand what SocratesRead MoreThe, The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1744 Words   |  7 Pages I wholeheartedly embrace the sentiments of Socrates when Plato stated in the Apology, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living. † Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has evolved full circle. I finally understand the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. This course has put a lot of things into perspective for me by putting my thoughts, experiences, and feelings into words and statements that prior to I couldRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1344 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"An unexamined life is not worth living† Imagine living a life without change, development and growth. Imagine living a life without any consciousness of what life has to offer. As mind-boggling as this may sound, there are actually many people on this earth that have not taken the effort to know themselves. People should be able to fairly judge their lives. Man should be able to gain wisdom by the examinations of the deeds they’ve done to prepare for the future. Life is no longer worth livingRead MoreUnexamined Life Is Not Worth Living964 Words   |  4 Pagespremise that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living†. To understand this quote, we should know what a premise is in relation to his quote. A premise is using a statement to support an opinionated conclusion, for example, getting at least 7 hours of sleep a night lets you wake up not tired, proving that you should go to sleep early. So, what he means by an â€Å"unexamined life is not worth living† is that a life without being producti ve or bettering yourself isn’t a life worth living because you don’tRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living2068 Words   |  9 PagesProject Due Date: 12/04/2014 Date Submitted: 12/04/2014 Myth/Narrative I Am Living I enthusiastically embrace the sentiment of Socrates that, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has progressed full circle. I finally understand, to a greater extent, the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. Through the course readings, text, and concepts, the authors have inspiredRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1629 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living,† Plato says in The Apology. When people think about the great problems facing humanity, their attention tends to turn to issues such as poverty, warfare, pollution, and disease. While these problems are important and urgent, there are other problems which are equally urgent, but often overlooked. Are human beings born with a map for life? Can that map lead people to happiness? If there is a map, every human being can attain ha ppiness easily. Is there anyRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1978 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, has never spoken truer words. The unexamined life is a recurring theme in both Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave and Richard Wright’s The Library Card. There are many ways to achieve enlightenment, for example, going out and obtaining information, through individualism, learning from mistakes, becoming an intellectual reader, or contemplation. Enlightenment was important to both Plato and Richard Wright. Plato believed

Prison Socialization And The Correctional Institution

Introduction Academics have endeavoured to research and identify models of imprisonment connected with variations in prisoner behaviour within the correctional institution. (Cao, Zhao, Dine, 1997). In corrections institutions there have been two established, yet divided viewpoints which are the â€Å"importation and deprivation† models of imprisonment. Sometimes, in overcrowded prison systems, managing harmony and continuity is vital for both correctional officers and inmates. A disciplinary action against inmates is usually the primary instrument used by corrections officers to ensure harmony in the prison environment. These actions are vital for correction staff, as this shows the prisoners adaption to the correctional system. This essay will define and distinguish between these two models of imprisonment. Importation Model The term importation model was first coined in the 1960s by Donald Cressey and John Irwin who contested the current indigenous origin/deprivation models by proposing a revolutionary unlike exposition named the importation model. This focuses on the effect of prior to prison socialization experiences as pivotal in framing the development in regards to prisoner sub-cultures. This model suggests that the prisoner’s behaviour is a reflection of a history of attitudes and behaviours previously retained by offenders upon entering correctional institutions .This model challenges the idea that inmate behaviours are merely shaped or changed due to this new â€Å"Show MoreRelatedGoffmans Theory on Total Institutions1714 Words   |  7 PagesElaine Tyler SOC 101: Introduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeremy Baker July 8, 2013 ERVIN GOFFMAN Goffmans Theory on Total Institutions We interact with a variety of people on a regular basis who influence our behavior but who are not family or friends. Many of these people we encounter because of their roles within particular social institutions with which we interact. They are part of our secondary group members; their opinions and behaviors shape us. Sometimes people live, workRead MorePrisons : Prisons And Prisons1332 Words   |  6 PagesJails and Prisons Comparison Paper Throughout history, the general public often misinterprets the difference between jails and prisons. For long confinement terms, jails are not used to hold sentenced offenders. However, jails are the oldest of the correctional components. According to Seiter (2011), jails were initiated prior to halfway houses, parole, probation, or prisons. Also, jails hold various offenders such as those being held administratively for a criminal justice agency, waiting to transferRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pagescriminal codes that punish offenders with extreme prison sentences. Shockingly, the United States has the world’s highest incarceration rate of 716 prisoners per 100,000 citizens compared to the average country of 144 prisoners per 100,000 (Walmsley 2013) that equates to the probability of being incarcerated in the United States is five times more likely than the average country. In addition, there are approximately 2,240,000 prisoners in penal ins titutions in the United States, which represents more thanRead MoreEssay about Department of Corrections Investigation1340 Words   |  6 Pages1. Information regarding the Department of Corrections’ investigation of complaints related to several correctional officers will spread throughout the institution along certain channels (Stojkovic, Kalinich, Klofas, 2008). Starting with the prison warden this information will need to be efficient and accurate as it travels throughout the organization. Being that the prison warden will be the first to be informed of this information, the chain of command would be downward communication. This typeRead MoreThe Failure That Is Total Institutions1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Failure That Is Total Institutions Though effective at separating and isolating a group of individuals, total institutions are not effective at their main purpose of re-socializing those groups of individuals. Socialization is a lifelong process for individuals; it is understanding and participating in society under that society s values and norms. Examples of socialization are entering a new school, job or country. This type of social interaction is often voluntary. Individuals choose toRead More Criminal Justice Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesgranted authority. Management within these organizations can be defined as the process by which the elements of a group are integrated, coordinated and/or utilized so as to efficiently achieve the organization’s objectives. In Law enforcement and correctional organizations, the front line officers manage people. This is especially true in the control of inmates. In these organizations, we must consider the hierarchy to be inverted. The front line officers, not limited t o sergeants and lieutenants, influenceRead MoreFactors Affecting Prison Culture And Inmate Code1331 Words   |  6 Pages The culture in correctional institutions can vary depending on a variety of factors. Prison culture can be influenced by gender, the country and government in which the inmates are housed, and race. The culture affects the way inmates interact with other inmates and correctional officers; sometimes inmates form gangs or family-like structures. The culture created by inmates in prisons is called â€Å"inmate code† and consists of a completely unique set of rules, traditions, roles, expectations, languageRead MoreThe Issue Of Prison Confinement1181 Words   |  5 Pages Issues of Jail Confinement Vanessa Williams Western Carolina University April 9, 2015 â€Æ' Introduction According to Siegel Bartollas, corrections is defined as the institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control, and change the behavior of convicted offenders (2014). Although society feels that the best way to take care of offenders is through confinement there are many issues that come in hand while being incarcerated. Depending on how you look at the issues whether theyRead MorePrison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examine tenRead MoreThe History of Prison Reform1631 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The History of Prison Reform Introduction The evolution of prison reform is a reflection of societys changing attitudes toward crime and punishment. Prisons have progressed from simple places for incarceration where the primary purpose is to protect the public to instruments of punishment where the loss of freedom is penalty for breaking the law, to institutions for reform dedicated to mould the guilty to conform to societys norms. Prisons were among the first public buildings erected in the

Marriage Is Like Driving A Car - 764 Words

Marriage is like driving a car even though you may be in the front seat; you may not have a clue as to what is going on under the hood. The article considered two hypothesis to conduct the study. The first was marriage and family therapists’ endorsement of myths about marriage will be related to personal experience and demographic factors. The second marriage and family therapists’ endorsement of myths about marriage will be signiï ¬ cantly related to professional factors including degree level and the amount of training they have had in current research ï ¬ ndings on marriage and divorce (Caldwell, 2008). Caldwell (2008) describes a myth as a belief that is widely held in spite of overwhelming evidence that it is not true. Confronting myths about marriage and family by the therapist will illustrate to be an important factor in keeping the clients in the here and now. Supplying the couple with the understanding that after the honeymoon real life will set in and arm them the knowledge to notice and accept change. However, a trained therapist can assist the clients in realizing that it will take work to keep the romance and fire within the relationship. When a marriage counselor whom is well informed can debunk the myths and give the clients the tools to endure a healthy and loving relationship. When it comes to marriage there seems to be some preconceived notions about what life will look like and through premarital counseling the therapist can assist the client toShow MoreRelatedUnequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East1384 Words   |  6 Pageshave been going on for the many years in the past, and are still going on today, especially in Middle Eastern countries. One major aspect of the situation of abuse towards women is involved with marriage. In many Middle Eastern countries, it is common for parents to arrange or even force a marriage, and for the children to have no say in it (Child Brides). I believe that this is a large part of the cause for aggression and abuse against the women. In an article from Gaza City called AbuseRead MoreThe Shift Of Gender Roles940 Words   |  4 Pagesand how these roles are beginning to shift between men and women against the social norms. One example of gender roles being displayed in One of Ours is when Claude and Enid are driving home from shopping at Hastings. The gender roles in this scene start out as being traditional. Claude is in control by driving on the car and doting on Enid, he is the dominant party in this scene and he is taking responsibility for his and Enid’s journey. Claude is taking on the role of protector, which is generallyRead MoreIt s Your Wedding Night1178 Words   |  5 Pagesdeal breakers to your new marriage, the practice of cohabitation might have prepared you better for this significant moment in your life. Though some traditionalists say cohabitation is against all rules, there are many positive aspects that can come from practicing it. (thesis) Cohabitation is the state or condition of living together prior to marriage or as a substitute for marriage. The more controversial side of cohabitation is not using it as a substitute for marriage, but rather living togetherRead MoreShould Couples Live Together Before Marriage?849 Words   |  4 Pagesclaimed that 50 percent of marriages in the U.S. end in divorce. What’s wrong? Why they didn’t make it? Couples who live together before marriage appear to have a much higher chance of divorce if they marry, said Kamp Dush in the book ‘’Journal of Marriage and Family’’. Some people would agree that couples should live together before marriage, some would not. Their decisions may be based on their strong beliefs, backgrounds, their parents standards or the statistics of marriage versus divorce. The questionRead MoreWhy Social Networks Have Done More Harm Than Good in Our Society1366 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook, Twitter, my space, piazza.c om, instagram, tango, and last but not the least texting. According to socialnetworking.procon.org, â€Å"47% of American adults used social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Classmates.com in 2011, up from 26% in 2008. [26] on social media sites like these, users may develop biographical profiles, communicate with friends and strangers, do research, and share thoughts, photos, music, links, and more† (procon.org. 1). Although these sitesRead More Cars as a Symbol in The Great Gatsby Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesCars as a Symbol in The Great Gatsby Cars play a very important part in the telling of The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is a very dark, unhappy book, and the cars really exemplify this. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cars change their meaning and become a symbol of death (Dexheimer). Cars also give the reader insight into some of the different characters in the book. One of the most important jobs of cars in this book is to foreshadow upcoming events. Throughout the book, there are many devastating and darkRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1386 Words   |  6 Pagesbillboard Doctor Ecleburg is over looking the people of The Valley of Ashes, just like God does to the people. The Valley of Ashes is a very dramatic place in the story. Tom Buchanan’s affair with Myrtle was revealed here, and also the death of Myrtle. Myrtle’s death was very symbolic because it happen right under the Doctors billboard. The Valley of Ashes is also the place where Wilson reveals that it was Gatsby’s car that killed Myrtle. In the Catholic community, the Catholics used ashes in theirRead MoreWe Must Stop The Safety933 Words   |  4 Pageslot of accidents could be avoided if we decided to protect ourselves in certain situations. If we limited ourselves by using or doing certain things while driving we decrease our chances of having or even causing accidents. We should exercise common sense, such as not using or doing the following while driving, cell phones, eating whil e driving, listening to loud music hindering us from hearing of motor vehicles, making sure we are wearing DOT protected gear if riding motorcycles. I believe thatRead MoreClassic Cars - Original Memories Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesClassic Cars Screech! â€Å"What was that?† my neighbor asked my dad, â€Å"Well, that was Rudy [my mother] not releasing the clutch right. She puts her foot on the gas and pushes it to the floor, then pulls her foot off the gas all at once, which makes the tires skid.† I cannot tell you how many times I heard this story about my mom and my dad’s Ford Mustang GT growing up. My earliest memories are about playing in the garage while my dad worked on our cars. I love my 1985 Mercury Marquis LS (luxury sedan)Read MoreCompare And Contrast Daisy And Wilson In The Great Gatsby1033 Words   |  5 Pagesare affecting others, only themselves. Daisy and Myrtle are unhappy with their lives and do what is possible to escape them. In The Great Gatsby, both women are unhappy with their lives in at least three instances: they are unhappy with their marriages, both have affairs to distract them, and neither are impressed with their husbands. In a similar fashion, Daisy and Myrtle married their husbands more for convenience than any other reason. Daisy married Tom because that is what she was expected

The Legacy Of The Civil War Essay - 1488 Words

The Civil War was one of the most bloody and divisive conflicts in United States’ history. While the conflict may have spanned over four years, its origins date back to the birth of the nation. The fracturing of the early political system on the basis of location, party, economic visions were the beginning of fundamental differences between the states. As the political, social, and economic patterns developed throughout the nation, the regional and ideological differences only deepened, leading to the inevitable division of the Union and its populace. One of the primary long term causes for the Civil War was the nation’s early economic division. Specifically, those of the Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian models of development. Alexander Hamilton believed in the development of a powerful state, especially in relation to manufacturing goods as a means of sustaining the economy and promoting global trade. In the creation of an industrialized nation, Hamilton hoped to encourage independence from other nations. (Lecture, 10/17/16) This economic model and its subsidization were the foundation for the popular Northern ideal of the United States becoming a world power. While this economic vision became extremely successful in the Northeast, it failed to gain traction in the South. The South, adhering to the Jeffersonian vision, felt that widespread industrialization and the involvement in global economies lead to moral corruption and infringement on the individual’s right toShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Civil War1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthan providing all the information in words, adding visual effects were a relief to the eyes. Both the American Christianity and the legacy of the Civil War led to the development of modern republican government. The federal government declared the Civil War. They waged it both in effort to end slavery and in hopes of reuniting the split nation. Following the Civil War, the central government withdrew again - the South, in turmoil and confusion, threatened to break up into riotous anarchy and the federalRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1827 Words   |  8 Pagesto preserve its institution eventually brought our country into a period of bloodshed. The obvious answer is that the war brought along freedom of around four million people in which altered the lives of Americans, however there is a great deal more to be said about the legacy of the Civil War. Even now, the war creates a lasting shadow that continues to impact America. The war transformed the political, social, and economic scene, and led to advancements in technology and health-care that createdRead MoreThe Leg acy Of The Civil War Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pages The year is 1865, Lincoln is dead, and through some convoluted, insane process I am now the President. God help us all. I am faced with the challenge of uniting a fractured nation, war-torn, weary, and directionless. For all the guff Lincoln gave about preserving the union, he did a terrible job. Yes, we are physically one nation, but dominion under continual threat of violence is precisely what our forefathers fought against in the Revolution. If I had been president, this would never have beenRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2375 Words   |  10 PagesAfter the following victory of the Northern Unionist over the Confederate forces in the Civil War, the current president of USA Abraham Lincoln had followed through with his Emancipation Proclamation this time of period was soon to be known as the Reconstruction era. Through these actions of Abraham Lincoln this had resulted in the passing of amendments to the constitution in which where 13th,14th, 15th these amendments had given African Americans the one thing they had been long aching for and workedRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe Civil War left the entire nation in disarray. Over six hundred thousand soldiers were dead, reconstruction was to be started, and the nation was further divided. During this time, Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States and he was going to make the Union whole once again. His plans were cut sho rt however, by the tragic and sudden assassination at Ford’s Theatre in 1865. Abraham Lincoln was the most influential leader in United States history; his death impacted millions of peopleRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1508 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than 620,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were massacred. In only four years America annihilated the number of American soldiers killed in all other wars combined. America experienced her first full scale house division. The people were in such confusion, Reconstruction Acts had to be used to bring the country back together. Civil War introduced a split country, breaks of states from the union, the South denying rights to emancipated slaves, improving the lifestyle for African Americans, deathRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most controversial periods in American history. As a result of the controversy, there have been many theories that explain the cause of the wa r. Most theories state the causes of this conflict arose from geographic, economic, political, and even social differences. Tensions over slavery had been building for decades, and every time a new state in the West was added, there was an extremely tense debate over whether or not slavery would be permitted in the new state. AmericansRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesLloyd Garrison describes few of many changes that occurred after the Civil War, including the abolishment of slavery and the African American being granted for the first time in history the right to vote. As the civil war came to an end, the United States began to establish an undivided nation. This era known as the reconstruction era is described as â€Å"meaning literally the rebuilding of a shattered nation. (verterans of the civil movment, n.d.) Reconstruction’s main goal was to reintroduce the SouthRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1422 Words   |  6 Pages​The devastating years of the Civil War finally came to an end. African Americans becoming enslaved and having freedom was a huge development during reconstruction. Freedom had important changes in African American lives, education and religious practices. Due to Abraham Lincoln emancipation of slavery, freedom became a reality for many slaves. The republicans had a great impact on the reconstruction of the Civil War by creating Freedmen’s Bureau, passing the fourteen and fifteenth amendment andRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1755 Words   |  8 PagesTimes of war often debut new technology that shapes the future. Seeing as how the Civil War was known as the first modern war, it is appropriate to say that much new technological advancement was made. Behind every piece of new technology or idea, there is a person or team that dedicated their time to the development. When it comes to the Civil War aeronautics and much other future advancement, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe is the man be hind it. Lowe was an integral part in the success of the aeronautics division

State of the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program Free Essays

STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM Final examination in Economics 1 Room 642 5:31-6:31 Submitted by: Cresanelle Polo Submitted to  : Mr. Ceferino Manigos INTRODUCTION â€Å"Tuwid na Daan†Ã‚  or the Straight Path is a phrase repeatedly mentioned by President Benigno S. Aquino III to pertain to his governance direction for the country. We will write a custom essay sample on State of the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now Essential to this concept of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tuwid na Daan†Ã‚  is the battle cry  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kung Walang Corrupt, Walang Mahirap.   The administration believes that corruption is the root cause of the country’s woes, and eliminating corruption will necessarily lead to renewed investor confidence, eventual growth and development, poverty reduction, and attainment of peace. The straight path, however, does not only pertain to the President’s anti-corruption campaign. It also encompasses a way of doing things right, where the process is participatory; the programs are holistic; growth is sustained; the peace policy is comprehensive; and development is sustainable. Through the living examples of our leaders, led by the President, this re-awakened sense of right and wrong continues to be translated to economic value. Before going to the main purpose of this report which is to inform the reader on the present state of the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program for the year 2011, let’s tackle first the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform- Birth, Struggle Future   The Philippine comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP) was envisioned shortly after the Filipino liberation from martial rule in 1986. It was designed to free the majority of the Filipino poor from the bondage of the soil by making them owners of the land they till. It also aims to grant economic-size land to the landless. Comprehensive enough, it covers farmers’ education, skills training and strong farmers’ organization, application of improved technology, and support by the government. The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides in Article 14, Sec. 4. that: The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits the State, shall respect the right of small landowners, The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing. The overriding idea under the Philippine constitution is the preservation of the concept of an â€Å"economic family-size farm† as embodied in the past land reform laws. ( the law prescribes 3 hectares to be a family size farm enough to sustain a family) It is also important to note that ownership by beneficiaries can be individually or collectively. Even in collective ownership however, the constitutional mandate is to preserve the control of the tiller over the land a farmer tills. This is so because, agrarian reform is essentially a land-to-the-tiller program; it is based on the right of farmers and regular farm workers to own the lands they till. (pp. 1200-1201 The 1987Constitution of the Philippines, A Commentary; 2003 Edition by Rev. Fr. Joaquin G. Bernas, S. J. ) In the pursuit of the above constitutional provision, the COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW (CARL), R. A. 657 was signed into law by President Corazon Aquino on June 9, 1988. The soul of CARL, R. A. 6657 is embodied in Section 2 which is reproduced below. SECTION 2. Declaration of Principles and Policies. – It is the policy of the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). The welfare of the landless farmers and farm workers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation towards sound rural devel opment and industrialization, and the establishment of owner cultivatorship of economic-sized farms as the basis of Philippine agriculture. To this end, a more equitable distribution and ownership of land, with due regard to the rights of landowners to just compensation and to the ecological needs of the nation, shall be undertaken to provide farmers and farm workers with the opportunity to enhance their dignity and improve the quality of their lives through greater productivity of agricultural lands. The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities and retention limits set forth in this Act, having taken into account ecological, developmental, and equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. The State shall respect the right of small landowners and shall provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farm workers and landowners, as well as cooperatives and other independent farmers’ organization, to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing and other support services. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable, in accordance with law, in the disposition or tilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain, under lease or concession, suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands. The State may resettle landless farmers and farm workers in its own agricultural estates, which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law. By means of appropriate incentives, the State shall encou rage the formation and maintenance of economic-sized family farms to be constituted by individual beneficiaries and small landowners. The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production and marketing assistance and other services, The State shall also protect, develop and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources. The State shall be guided by the principles that land has a social function and land ownership has a social responsibility. Owners of agricultural land have the obligation to cultivate directly or through labor administration the lands they own and thereby make the land productive. The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment and privatization of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for lands shall contain features that shall enhance negotiability and acceptability in the marketplace. The State may lease undeveloped lands of the public domain to qualified entities for the development of capital-intensive farms, traditional and pioneering crops especially those for exports subject to the prior rights of the beneficiaries under this Act. The intent of the Philippine Constitution and R. A. 6657 is crystal clear: the promotion of social justice through an equitable distribution of land by making it easier for the disadvantaged to be able to acquire land. Agrarian reform is meant to reduce inequalities as social justice demands. And in its pursuit, land is to be taken for redistribution to the landless. In the process of taking, the law provides for just compensation. As suggested by Rev. Father Joaquin Bernas. S. J. ,just compensation should depend on the farmers’ ability to pay and not on the standard fair market value or it will not be in accord with the thrust of the law. Fr. Bernas cited land reform in Japan where just compensation was dictated by law and amounted to less than the market value In Japan, according to him, land reform embodied recognition of the reality that expropriation for land reform was not eminent domain pure and simple, but also exercise of police power which necessarily entails loss on the part of those regulated. An analogous situation he said, is the police power of the state to impose price control on essential commodities for the benefit of the public but at the expense of the sellers. ( pp. 1203- 1205, Bernas) The COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM (CARP) under CARL has a 10-year implementation period. It is expiring this year, 2008, after a second extension. The report of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) shows that from July, 1987 to December, 2004, it has only 75% rate of ccomplishment. Out of the 4,676,017 hectares of targeted private agricultural land, only 3,499,790 have been distributed. Approximately 1. 2Million hectares remain untouched. Furthermore, according to the University of the Philippines, Los Banos Micro Study, 2007, 75% of the farmer beneficiaries till their land and improve their lives despite palpable lack of support from the government. These farmers are left with the burden of generating capital and are oftentimes forced to make use of their Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) as collaterals for loans. Among the other problems obstructing the success of land reform in the Philippines are: â€Å"problematic† landholdings, such as areas with missing titles, erroneous technical descriptions, and court disputes; insufficient funds for land acquisition and support services. Protest and oppositions by big landowners is a big stumbling block as well. Furthermore, dissatisfaction on the part of the farmer beneficiaries is another blot on the program. The heading of Philippine Daily Inquirer Mindanao (02/10/2008) says: â€Å"Farmers awarded CARP lands seek way out of ‘bad deals’. The 662 farm workers of the 3,900-hectares Guthrie Estates in San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Negros Occidental found the deal so onerous as they have not been receiving enough share from the produce of the land assigned to them under a cooperative structure. The farmers have been protesting and negotiating for better arrangements. One cooperative member warned: â€Å"If they will not listen to us, blood will spill over in our land. We have been long dead anyway. † Ironically, CARP suffered a setback during the term of President Corazon Aquino. Hacienda Luisita, the Aquino family’s own 6,000- hectare estate was exempted from distribution. The hacienda was placed under what is termed the corporative scheme where the farmers were given shares of stocks and instead of owning the land they till, they receive dividends from the net profit of the operation of the hacienda as one intact landholding. A lot more is necessary to implement CARP effectively even at this time when the program period is at its tail end. Among them are: decisiveness on the part of government to implement the law against the mighty and powerful landowners; strict safeguards against land-use conversion; sufficient amount and better management of funds; stronger community-based organization; creative and effective programs for big landholdings. There is an ongoing massive call for CARP extension to be coupled with reforms and more decisive land distribution. On the other hand, landowners are pointing to the flaws and failures of CARP as a basis for terminating the program. Since the birth of CARP, they have been deriding its existence, have been exerting efforts to thwart its implementation and plotting ways to defeat the spirit of land reform. Farmers now pin their hopes on House Bill No. 3059, or the proposed â€Å"Genuine Agrarian Reform Act of 2007†. It was filed by representatives of party-list groups Anakpawis, Bayan Muna and Gabriela Women’s Party. The bill seeks to distribute land for free and expand agrarian reform coverage to all agricultural lands in the country. According to the former DAR Secretary Butch Abad, agrarian reform will not succeed if government and business sector will not do their part. And he believes that poverty and social conflict such as the secession movement are due to landlessness to a significant degree. According to Sec. Abad, the present state of things show land reform has failed. Tenants can not be owner-cultivator and farm manager overnight. After acquiring the farm, they need training, support services, capital. One proof that agrarian reform is not yet a success is that countless farmers have not been given a piece of the land as yet. From the official website of the government we gather some bits of information and here they are†¦ http://www. gov. ph/2011/07/25/the-2011-state-of-the-nation-address-technical-report/ The 2011 State of the Nation Address Technical Report 3. 2 Completed projects to strengthen the agricultural sector 3. 2. 1. Under the continuing regular fund from the DA, a total of 1,814 kilometers of Farm to Market Roads (FMRs) were completed from July 2010 to May 2011, out of the targeted 2,567 kilometers. In addition, 687 kms more FMRs were completed under the locally-funded and foreign assisted projects. Overall, a total of 2,501 kms of completed FMRs provide better access to markets and social services and boost economic activities by allowing goods and products to flow in and out of the barangays. FMRs also help reduce transport costs, spoilage and deterioration of quality of agricultural products, and facilitate delivery of farm inputs. 3. 2. 2. From July 2010 to June 2011, a total of 65  tramlines were completed connecting remote areas to FMRs. A total of  67  agricultural tramlines were completed since project start-up in 2009, which is 63%  of the targeted  107  units to be completed by December 2011. The use of these tramlines cuts the cost of hauling by half from P2 to P1 per kilogram of produce and reduces hauling time significantly from hours to just a few minutes. Inaugurated on 13 April 2011 at Twin Peaks, Tuba, Benguet, a 400-meter tramline has reduced hauling time from 2 hours to five minutes. Farmers pay P1 per kilo of produce to cover the cost of diesel fuel, engine maintenance and other repairs and allowance for the tramline operator. On 25 February 2011, a tramline built by DA-Philmech at a cost of P1. 6 million was inaugurated in La Paz, Zamboanga City, a barangay located 970 meters above sea level. A 370 meter distance between the barangay and the closest national road used to take 12 hours to traverse. With the tramline, travel time over this distance has been reduced to three minutes. A local group, the La Paz Farmers’ Association operates the tramline collecting a fee of one peso for a load of 350 kilos of corn and vegetables. 3. 2. 3. All in all, in the first 11 months of the Aquino Administration (July 2010 to May 2011), 11,611 hectares of new areas were irrigated, 40,053 hectares were restored, and 171,910 hectares were rehabilitated both for current and carry over projects. Restoration entails repairing the irrigation facility that is currently not functional while rehabilitation means upgrading or improving the facility, which is currently working but has not attained the maximum or designed irrigation efficiency. 3. 2. 4. Put up the following post-harvest facilities: * One hundred eighty seven (187) food terminals from July 2010 to April 2011 benefiting 1,155 small farmers and fishers. These food terminals provide affordable basic food commodities to around 457,859 households who are able to save not only from low-priced commodities but also from cuts in transportation expenses and reduction of middlemen costs. The savings on transportation cost ranges from P8–P200 for every trip to the market. * Thirteen (13) or 68% of the targeted 19 Corn Post Harvest Trading Centers (CPHTC) in major corn producing areas nationwide. These centers ensure continuous supply of corn even during the wet season, guarantee premium quality, and open opportunity for other investments in the corn industry. A total of 1,342 small scale composting facilities in the different regions nationwide, reaching 100% of the target, and generating 5,368 jobs. This forms part of the government’s promotion of organic farming through the Organic Fertilizer Production Project, which will enable farmers to produce their own organic fertilizer to reduce dependence on expensive synthetic fertil izers. * A total of 56 units of flatbed dryers from July 2010 to April 2011, attaining 100% of the target and generating 402 jobs. These will reduce post-harvest losses during the drying stage of palay and ensure quality drying during the rainy season. Four (4) cold chain facilities[20]  from July 2010 to May 2011 would enable farmers of high value crops to store their fruits and vegetables in the appropriate temperature and prolong the quality and shelf life of perishable crops, obtaining for the farmers a better selling price for their produce. These facilities were turned over to three (3) cooperatives in Benguet, Palayan City, and San Jose City, benefiting 139 farmers. * Ten (10) units of Village-Type post-harvest facilities as of June 2011, in key corn production areas and strategic demand sites nationwide. Thirty-one (31) more units are expected to be completed and operational by the end of 2011. 3. 3. Fostered a culture of self-reliance 3. 3. 1 Some of the strategies under the Food Staple Self-Sufficiency program include the termination of direct input subsidies to farmers and front-loading of irrigation investments in 2012 and 2013 to increase output as early as possible, thus decreasing the need to import rice. These actions are already bearing fruit as seen in the bumper crop harvest from January to March 2011. 3. 3. 2 The country’s rice importation dropped significantly by 80% from an import volume of 2. 2 million MT from July 2009 to June 2010 to 386,243 MT from July 2010 to June 2011. The decrease in volume of actual rice import arrivals can be attributed to the good harvest and the comfortable stock position of the country. Likewise, rice shipments were scheduled better. From here on, NFA buffer stocks will consist mainly of palay purchased from local farmers—a lo ng standing demand of the rice farmers. From January to June 2011, the government through the NFA has procured some P7. 64 billion worth of palay from all over the country. This is 16% of the NFA stock. The NFA targets to increase this volume from the harvest from the main cropping season later this year. The total rice imported in 2010 was 2. 38 million MT. For 2011, the government shall import 64% less or 860,000 MT, with 200,000 MT imported by the government, and 660,000 MT by the private sector. For 2012, rice imports shall further decline to 500,000 MT, with 100,000 MT imported by the government and 400,000 MT imported by the private sector. 3. 3. 2. The government was able to increase the average farm gate price of palay by 2. 89% within a short period, thereby immediately increasing the farmer’s income. Strategic reserves and placements made it possible for the price of rice to remain stable, thereby assuring the affordability and availability of rice to the public. 3. 3. 3. Production in the crops subsector was also up by 8. 19% and the main contributors were palay, corn, sugarcane, and banana. The country has regained its status as net sugar exporter for the current crop year, having recovered from the sugar shortage in 2009-2010 when the country imported raw and refined sugar. news From the official website of department of agriculture†¦ HOUSE  APPROVES DAR’S P18. -B BUDGET THE Department Agrarian Reform (DAR) prevailed upon the House of Representatives during the plenary hearing Wednesday for its 2012 budget, thanks largely to Pampanga Rep. Anna York C. Bondoc, who took the cudgels for the agency and pulled it off with poise even as she endured almost six hours of grilling from her colleagues Bondoc, who stood as the sponsor for DAR’s budget, eloquently just ified its P18. 3-billion proposed budget, saying that the agency, despite operating on lean budget each year in the past, has managed to deliver the tasks expected of it. How much more if DAR is provided with sufficient funds,† Bondoc said even as she rallied her fellow lawmakers to come in support of DAR, which is in dire need for more funds to complete the distribution of some 1 million hectares of agricultural lands and deliver much-needed support services in the form of basic rural infrastructure projects and skills development program. The DAR said that P10 billion of its total budget for next year will go to land tenure’s improvement, which include landowners’ compensation; P7. billion to program beneficiaries’ development made up of support services in the form of basic rural infrastructure projects and skills development program; and P1 billion to agrarian justice delivery. Bondoc found an ally in the course defending the department’s budget through former DAR Secretary-turned-partylist representatives Nasser Pangandaman of the AA Kasosyo Partylist. Pangandaman sought the replenishment of the credit facility in the DAR’s budget, which was left unfunded, to enable the agency to serve the needs of farmer-beneficiaries for much-needed capital for farm inputs. Coop-Natcco Partylist Rep. Cresente Paez joined Pangandaman in his move, saying that the lack of capital is one of the major obstacles to improving the lives of farmer-beneficiaries, most of them are forced to approach loan sharks for farm inputs. Bondoc agreed with Pangandaman and Paez on the need to restore the budget for credit facility and even asked them to join her in lobbying the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) about it. She said she would furnish the DBM with minutes of what had transpired during the budget hearing at the plenary to give it an insight on the issue. DAR  HOSTS SEMINAR ON CLIMATE PROOFING FOR AGRARIAN REFORM COMMUNITIES The warning is dire. Scientists say that even if the earth’s hot temperature on global warming is reduced significantly in the coming years, climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, and other severe weather events are likely to result in food shortages, increase in water and air-borne diseases, infrastructure damage and the of natural resources degradation. To help farmers adapt to these inevitable eventualities, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in cooperation with the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation ; Development (or GIZ) recently conducted a five-day seminar-workshop on â€Å"Climate Proofing for Development: Practical application for agrarian reform communities† at the Century Park Hotel in Malate, Manila. The GIZ, Adaptation to Climate Change ; Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCBio) trainers and the Phil. Atmospheric Geophysical ; Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) presented to DAR studies made on the ill effects of climate change on farms and farming communities in the country. Undersecretary for Special Programs ; Agrarian Relations Rosalina Bistoyong said the seminar-workshop seeks to understand and learn how to adapt to the climate changes and integrate it in development plans for agrarian reform communities. We at DAR believe that we cannot delay making adaptation plans and actions to ensure that maladaptation [by farmers] will not worsen adverse climate change effects and impede their sustainable development,† said Bistoyong. â€Å"Climate adaptation ways like planting trees, composting, using bio-friendly fertilizers, organic farming, are just some of the ways the farmers can use to help mitigate climate change,† said Corrine Canlas of GIZ. With the climate change impacts we have been experiencing like floods, typhoons and the el nino and la nina phenome na, implementers need to learn the ways and means to adapt to these [eventualities], so that they can put strategies to add development plans for farmers in the agrarian reform communities,† added Canlas. Bistoyong said that the implementers will also teach farmers measures to avoid the bad effects of chemicals on the environment and contribute in minimizing global warming. This course will help our implementers in making necessary developments plans so that our farmers will be able to cope, adapt and sustain their livelihood in the face of climate change,† Bistoyong said. AGRARIAN  BENEFICIARIES TO BENEFIT FROM IRRIGATION AND ROAD PROJECTS CABUCGAYAN, BILIRAN – Rice production and farmers’ income in this fifth class municipality are expected to increase once the rehabilitation of the communal irrigation system (CIS) and a farm-to-market road in the area are completed. Biliran Agrarian Reform Officer Elisea Orapa said rehabilitation works by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) started early last month, and is expected to be completed in three months time. Orapa cited the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), for rehabilitating the 1. 7-kilometer farm-to-market road in Sitio Kasabangan where some 562 meters of this will be concreted for easier and farther conveyance of farm products to the market. Eliasem Castillo, Regional Director of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in Eastern Visayas, said the projects, courtesy of the Japan International Cooperation Agency-Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (JICA-ARISP), would help double farm produce of farmer-beneficiaries in the Balaquid Agrarian Reform Community (ARC). Castillo added that the two projects cost about P8-million, with the local government unit providing 50 percent as its counterpart equity. Ismael Aya-ay, chief of the Beneficiaries Development Coordinating Division (BDCD) of the DAR-Biliran said that about 60 of the 530 ARBs in the ARC will directly benefit from the irrigation project, while some 1,686 residents here and in nearby villages will be benefited by the farm-to-market road. ARCs are group of barangays with farmers awarded with land titles where there is a convergence of support services provided by the national and local governments, non-government organizations and foreign-donor communities. PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LAND  TENURE IMPROVEMENT The LTI component seeks to secure the tenurial status of the farmers and farmworkers in the lands they till. This is operationalized either through land acquisition and distribution (LAD) and leasehold operations. LAD involves the redistribution of government and private agricultural lands to landless farmers and farmworkers. This  is the essence of land reform. It secures farmers’ tenure, promotes social equity, and provides them with necessary productive resources needed to ensure their economic viability and productivity. Leasehold operations, on the other hand, is the alternative non-land transfer scheme. It covers all tenanted agricultural lands such those in the retained areas, not yet acquired for distribution under CARP, and those which may be validly covered  under existing laws. With the enactment of RA 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms in 2009, LAD should be completed by June 30, 2014 on a province-by-province basis. All remaining unacquired and undistributed agricultural lands shall be acquired and distributed as follows: Phase I (01 July 2009 to 30 June 2012) * All remaining lands above fifty (50) hectares; All private agricultural lands with aggregate landholdings in excess of fifty (50) hectares which have already been issued Notices of Coverage (NOCs) on or before Dec. 10, 2008; * Rice and corn lands under PD 27; idle and abandoned lands; Voluntary Offer to Sell (VOS) lands; * All lands foreclosed by government financial institutions (GFIs), PCGG-acquired lands and other government-owned lands; * Voluntary Land Transfer (VLT) submit ted by June 30, 2009 (before effectivity); * Only VOS Compulsory Acquisition (CA) are allowed after June 30, 2009; Phase II-A (01 July 2009 to 30 June 2012) * All alienable and disposable, arable public agricultural lands; * All public agricultural lands which are to be opened for new development and resettlement; * Aggregate above 24-50 hectares issued NOCs on or before 10 December 2008) Phase II-B (01 July 2012 to 30 June 2013) * Remaining lands in excess of 24 hectares whether or not issued with NOCs Phase III-A (01 July 2012 to 30 June 2013) * 10-24 hectares, insofar as excess of 10 hectares Phase III-B (01 July 2013 to 30 June 2014) above 5 hectares to 10 hectares * Schedule of LAD shall be in accordance with the above order of priority with the ff: * EXCEPTION: priority land reform areas as declared by PARC (Presidential Agrarian Reform Council) ExCom upon recommendation of the PARCCOM (Provincial Agrarian Reform Coordinating Committee) may be covered in advance provided that prior phases have been completed * Phase III-B (5-10 hectares) shall not be implemented until 90% of the provincial balance as of Jan. 1, 2009 has been completed. Under RA 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (from 1987 to June 2009), the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) covered 2,321,064 has. of private agricultural lands and 1, 727, 054 has. non-private agricultural lands covering a total of 4, 049, 018 has. This is equivalent to 2, 396, 857 ARBs installed. Congruently, under RA 9700 (July 2009 – December 2010) , 78, 145 has. private agricultural lands and 75, 862 has. of non-private agricultural lands were distributed. This totals to 154,007 has. equivalent to 97, 712 ARBs installed. Strategic Directions up to 2014 To substantially complete asset reform as mandated by RA 9700, the DAR shall: *   Complete land acquisition and distribution (LAD) in the CARPER balance; *   Prioritize the subdivision of collective Certificates of Land Ownership Awards (CLOAs) involving LBP-compensable lands; *   Fast track the documentation and settlement of landowner compensation for already distributed lands; *   Synergize and rationalize the efforts of the CARP implementing agencies in all processes of LAD; * Partner with the civil society organizations in the delivery of LTI services, particularly the large-sized private agricultural lands; *   Adopt a job-sharing scheme under the ONE-DAR Concept; and * Increase the utilization of the services of geodetic engineers to assist in land acquisition. PROGRAM  BENEFICIARIES DEVELOPMENT PBD is the support services component of CARP. It aims to capacitate ARBs and provide them access to the necessary support services to make their lands more productive, ena ble them to venture in income generating livelihood projects and actively participate in community governance. Agrarian reform does not rely on land distribution alone, but also on the delivery of support services, including farm-to-market roads, bridges, irrigation, post harvest facilities, rural electrification, potable water supply, school buildings, multi-purpose buildings; extension services, credit assistance, and trainings. * 709,187 ARBs fully served under the foreign-assisted projects * 7,170 infrastructure projects * 976 communal irrigation projects completed * 3018 functional ARB-organizations operate (ALDA Level 3,4,5) * 316,610 ARB members are already managing their own farm non-farm enterprises Support services delivered through the Foreign Assisted Projects (FAPs) and Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF): * 13,259 kilometers of FMR * 226,015 hectares serviced by irrigation systems * 194 multi-purpose buildings * 174 bridge projects (10,473 linear meters) * 428 units of post harvest facilities * 999 units of potable water systems Other infrastructure projects provided: * Health centers, school buildings, flood control, rural electrification, sanitation systems. Non-infrastructure programs include: * Demonstration farms, rural micro-enterprises, training of ARB leaders, health and nutrition The DAR adopted the development of agrarian reform communities (ARC) in 1993 to improve the lives of  agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs). It was the department’s key strategy to accelerate and sustain economic growth in agrarian reform and rural areas through a people-centered, holistic and area focused approach in community development. Since then, the DAR has launched 2,100 ARCs covering 1. million of ARBs in 9,076 barangays. Because of the size limitation of ARCs and the increasing number of ARBs in need of basic support services, the DAR expanded the coverage of its support services through the KALAHI (Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan) Agrarian Reform Zones (KARZones). A KARZone is a contiguous area which embr aces both ARC barangays and non-ARC barangays within the zone. Strategic Directions up to 2014: The agrarian reform must be able to lift the ARBs out of poverty and transform them into drivers of rural economic growth. Land distribution is only the first step. Provision of adequate and timely support services are impetus to make the awarded lands productive. Thus, PBD priorities for 2012-2014 shall be to: *   Undertake convergence initiatives with rural development agencies to complement the resources and streamline the efforts of DAR and DENR; *   Ink public-private partnerships (PPPs), develop models of collaboration and design business models in the agrarian reform areas with the participation of the CSOs, academe, research and development institutions and LGUs; *   Expand the ODA portfolio in order to augment funds for PBD; *   Operationalize the LTI-PBD integration on a province-to-province basis; *   Shift focus of low LAD-balance provinces to PBD; and   * Unlock credit facilities for the agrarian reform beneficiaries through capacity development for credit providers and farmer-borrowers, providing support to risk mitigating institutions and making available credit information to credit providers AGRARIAN  JUSTICE DELIVERY Delivery of agrarian justice has two features: the agrarian legal assistance and adjudication of cases. Agrarian legal assistance is comprised of resolution of agrarian law implementation (ALI) cases, ARB representation before judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, and mediation and conciliation. On the other hand, Adjudication of cases involves the resolution of cases by the DAR Adjudication Board (DARAB) and any of its salas. Under RA 6657, the DAR is vested with the primary jurisdiction to determine and adjudicate agrarian reform matters and to extend free legal assistance to farmer-beneficiaries affected by agrarian cases. There are three types of cases under this program namely: judicial or court cases, quasi-judicial, and cases related to agrarian law implementation (ALI). The first two types involve representation of farmers by DAR lawyers before the regular courts and DAR Adjudication Board, respectively. The third type involves the administrative rendering of decision on exemption, conversion and retention. The DAR at present utilizes more aggressive alternative dispute resolution techniques in mediation to reduce conflicts maturing into court cases. The general objective is to persuade the contending parties to settle their disputes amicably or out of court before the DAR. Strategic Directives: The legal sector intends to provide effective and timely support not only for agrarian reform frontliners in the field of operations and support services but also for the ARBs. Hence, to speed up the resolution of agrarian-related cases, the sector shall: *   Put the legal framework in place to expedite the LAD process and undertake PBD lawyering; *   Rationalize DAR lawyers’ and paralegals’ appreciation and decision on cases by developing common templates and legal outlines; *   Improve capabilities of DAR lawyers and legal officers to adequately address AR challenges; and * Tap information and communication technology to enhance legal work. How to cite State of the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program, Papers

Future Network Infrastructure for Cookie Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFuture Network Infrastructure for Cookie Company. Answer: Network Infrastructure Network Convergence and Unified Communications Building of reliable network is very essential for the Cookie Co. to establish their network over different branches, employees and the main office. The main office of Cookie Co. is to have the core network convergence so that it can support all other branches of the company. The server that is used by Cookie Co. is six storage 2U racks. The 2U rack enhances the connectivity of network making the company to flourish. The servers of 2U rack will connect to switch automatically which builds a way between other devices. The switch has 8 numbers of ports and 24 numbers of connections. Out of the 8 ports, one port will pass through firewall and also connects to a router which access internet. The port that comes next will have connection with LAN in the office of the Cookie Co. The ports of the LAN are then connected with the systems of the employees so that they can access to the internet. To enable wireless print in the office, print server is enabled to do fax operations and wireless p rinting. Ethernet cables are also used for connectivity. LAN and Cabling Types LAN along with Ethernet cables are used in the Cookie Co. for establishing connection all over the office. The adapters are used for the connections that are established in the company. The use of adapters decreases the extra cost of installing different software and hardware and also reduces the wiring features (Parikh, Sidhu and Shami 2013). Patch cables are used for installation. Patch cables are used mainly for connecting a device with a socket. WAN Connection WAN connection is the wide area connection. This connection is mainly used for the branch offices of the company. To connect the main office of Cookie Co. with the other branch office mainly wide area networks are used. This is done mainly by installing units of data service at the back end of the main office of the company. A router is used in the main office as well as in the branch office and is also connected by a VPN connection. VPN serves wide area network which needs the VPN in the software and the hardware devices. Transmission Media and Connecting Devices The transmission media that can be used in the company is optical fibers. By using optical fibers, the signal strength is increased and there is almost no interference present in the network (Webb 2015). Total internal reflections are used in the cables to move the waveguides so that noise is removed from the cables and network to make the connection smooth. IP and DNS Management Tools of network management are used for managing the IP and the DNS in the company. The IP addresses are managed by these tools of network management. The MAC and the DNS address are also managed by network management tool. One such software that is used as networking software is OptUtils. The manager of the Cookie Co. uses this tool of software management to keep a static look on the IP addresses that helps to keep a secured connection. Networked Services To increase the connectivity of the data network and also make reliable voice calls following network service can be used by the Cookie Co. VOIP- VOIP, Voice over IP is transmission of multimedia content and voice via networks of Internet Protocol. To enable the VOIP some methodologies and technologies are used so that voice is delivered via internet, LAN of the enterprise and also the WAN of the enterprise (Assem et al. 2013). The Cookie Co. can encapsulate audio through codec into packets of data and transmits them over IP network and also encrypts them back on the receiver end. The company includes VOPI endpoints to dedicated desktop, VOIP over phones and applications of soft phone. Intranet- To secure the network of Cookie Co., the company may use intranet as its private network to keep the data secured within the company. Many interlinked LANs are used in Intranet and leased lines are used in WANs. Connections that are included in an intranet are done by more than one gateway computers to outside internet (Silic and Back 2014). The main motive of an intranet is sharing information of the company and the computing resource among all the employees of the company. To make all the employees work in groups, intranet is used. The Cookie Co. may also use intranet for the purpose of teleconference. TCP/IP and HTTP protocols and also other protocols related to the internet are used by intranet. This helps to keep the internet private from the outside world. Extranet- The Cookie Co. may use another private network which uses the internet technology and public telecommunications so that they are able to securely share the parts of the business information and the operations with all vendors, partners, customers, suppliers and also other businesses. The extranet is considered as a part of Cookie Co.s intranet which is also extended over the users. The network of extranet helps the company to do its online businesses over the internet via secured protocol (Bennett 2014). Using Ethernet, the company can do its selling and buying businesses well with the customers and the retailers. These exchanges are done via EDI (Electronic Data Exchange). By using Ethernet, the company can share their catalogs and menus with their retailers and the customers while doing trade. Cookie Co. can also collaborate with similar other companies to do all the efforts jointly. Training programs can be organized by Cookie Co. with other companies so that they can de velop their business. Ethernet can also help Cookie Co. by enabling the application of online banking so that online transactions can be done smoothly in different branches. Share the news that will commonly profit the company that has partnership with the company. Email- The most important network services is the email service that can be used by the Cookie Co. For interacting with other branches and sending important information regarding the company, email service is the best network that is taken into regards. The webmail enables the users to send and receive electronic-mail from web browsers. The webmail are easily accessible and has a storage device to store all the emails (Prexawanprasut, Chang and McAleer 2015). The emails can be accessed by the employees of the company from anywhere without their usual workplace or location. The user have to login in their email ids and their passwords to view their mails. The email ids are given in Webmail URL in browser field. The emails are not to be downloaded from the website to view them. Data Processing Facilities Data storage Solution: The Data Storage solution that can solve the issues of the Cookie Co. is to shift their network to SAN. SAN is the Storage Area Network which is specialized with a network that is high speed. Storage Area Network provides a network of block-level so that the storage can be accessed. The components of Storage Area Network are switches, hosts, storage device and also storage elements which are connected internally by the use of different topologies, protocols and also various technologies (Muknahallipatna et al. 2014). Multiple sites are spanned using the Storage Area Network. Using Storage Area Network, Cookie Co. can improve their availability of application that is they can use paths with multi data. The SAN network also enhances the performance of the applications that are used in the company. The utilization of storage and the effectiveness is increased by SAN network along with giving data security and protection to all the information that are stored in the network. The main role of SANs is manage the activities of BCM (Business Continuity Management). The Storage Area Network gives storage device to host showing that the storage is locally attached. This helps to simplify the presentation of the storage to host by using different kinds of virtualization process. Cookie Co. gets a high- speed network by using SANs which gives network access to all the storage in block-level. Data processing Model: The model that can be used by Cookie Co. to improve the network and data processing technique is peer to peer model. The peer to peer model provides the company to process the data very efficiently. Mainly three types of models are used in data processing. They are multiple peer relationship, distributed peer relationship and collaborative peer relationship. In multiple peer relationship, all the system in the company are networked or connected with each other via servers and the files are shared and can be collected from other through that network only. The main problem of multiple peer relationship is that they cannot handle data beach security or issues that are related with intellectual property (Zhao 2015). In distributed peer relationship group of computers are combined together for the purpose of processing and computing abilities to surf the internet and also solve problems that are complex. Collaborative peer relationship deals with a small number of people who agrees to mak e collaboration via common interface that includes chat rooms, online learning environment, chat rooms and online gaming. The best model that can be used by Cookie Co. is the distributed peer relationship because it has many branches in different places. The distributed peer relationship model helps to solve complex problems that are related with network and data processing. References Assem, H., Malone, D., Dunne, J. and O'Sullivan, P., 2013, January. Monitoring VoIP call quality using improved simplified E-model. InComputing, networking and communications (ICNC), 2013 international conference on(pp. 927-931). IEEE. Bennett, E.E., 2014. How an intranet provides opportunities for learning organizational culture: Implications for virtual HRD.Advances in Developing Human Resources,16(3), pp.296-319. Muknahallipatna, S., Brothers, T.J., Miles, J. and Johnson, H., 2014. Fibre Channel Switch Modeling at Fibre Channel-2 Level for Large Fabric Storage Area Network Simulations using OMNeT++.GSTF Journal on Computing (JoC),2(1). Parikh, P.P., Sidhu, T.S. and Shami, A., 2013. A comprehensive investigation of wireless LAN for IEC 61850based smart distribution substation applications.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,9(3), pp.1466-1476. Prexawanprasut, T., Chang, C.L. and McAleer, M., 2017.A Generalized Email Classification System for Workflow Analysis(No. TI 2017-066/III). Silic, M. and Back, A., 2014. Shadow ITA view from behind the curtain.Computers Security,45, pp.274-283. Webb, D.J., 2015. Fibre Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibres.Measurement Science and Technology,26(9), p.092004. Zhao, J., 2015. Research on Mathematical Model P2P Online Credit Risk Evaluation Based on Data Processing.

Outlining the Strategic Risk Plan

Question: Discuss about the Outlining the Strategic Risk Plan. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to develop an effective risk plan that would include steps for implementing the option selected. The report would also discuss about how the success of the risk response efforts will be analysed. Further, the report has discussed various triggers that may give rise to new risks and facilitate implementation of agreed upon responses to the exiting risks and also the perceptions and interactions of stakeholders. In this report, therefore, outline of a risk plan that includes strategies for monitoring and controlling risks and optimizing opportunities strategically has been discussed. Risk management plan The purpose of a risk management plan is to prepare the organization for the event of risk during the life cycle of the project. A risk can be define as incident or condition, if occurs, can have a positive or negative impact on the projects objectives and success. Therefore, risk management can be seen as a process of identifying, accessing, mitigating, monitoring and reporting risks (Pritchard and PMP 2014). Risk management plan outline Risk identification: the first step in the development of risk management plan. The project manager, project team, and various appropriate stakeholders undertake risk identification jointly. It involves evaluation of environmental factors, scope of the project being undertaken and organizational culture to identify risks. At this stage, detailed attention is paid to the project outcomes, assumptions, limitations, cost forecasts, resource plan and other key project documents (Peixoto et al. 2014). One of the best ways of identifying all the risks associated with a project is to categorize risks in different groups such as corporate risks, business risks, project risk and infrastructural risks (Booth 2015). This can be documented effectively with the help of risk register. Further, for small projects, project managers can act as a risk manager but, for large projects, it can be advantageous to have outside risk facilitators to conduct a number of brainstorming sessions with appropriate stakeholders to access various types of risks (Burke 2013). Risk log: The following table represents the risks identified during the development of risk management process and during the project life cycle (Ashuri et al. 2015). No. Date (identified) Risk description Owner Probability Impact Risk reduction actions 1. 1/05/2016 Significant change in project requirements Mr. XYZ Low High Ensure that project requirement is previously agreed on and finalized before specification 2. 07/05/2016 Loss of key project employee Mr. ABC Low High Utilization of reserve employee to proceed with the task until the recruitment of new employees 3. 12/05/2016 Change in the priorities of top management Mr. PQR Medium High Proper communication with the top management about the project proceedings and the importance of project for the organization 4. 22/05/2016 Lack of training among the staff to effectively complete the tasks Mr. JKL High High Make sure that the employees are hired and selected for the project based on the objectives of the project and individual competency of the staff. In addition, appropriate training should be given from the beginning of the project. 5. 31/05/2016 Probability of increase in the input costs Mr. MLK Medium High Ensure tight cost control and provision for contingency funds to meet the additional expenses on the input procurements. (Source: as created by author) Analysis and evaluation: Once the risks have been identified, it is important to analyse these risks in order to determine how they might influence the success of the project. Generally, the impact of the risks on the project is seen in the form of one or a combination of these consequences listed below; Project benefits to the may get reduced or delayed The quality of project output may get diluted The time frame of the project may get extended The costs involved in the completion of the project may get increased Once the risks and its impact on the success of the project is identified and analysed, it is important to determine the likelihood of that risk and the seriousness of that risk on the project in order to devise strategies to mitigate the risks. Further, it is also important to determine the impact of identified risk on the project in terms of four consequences listed above (Kendrick 2015). Risk mitigation: Risk mitigation is the most crucial part of risk management plan. This aims at devising strategies to reduce the negative impact of risk on the project. Risk mitigation involves actions to reduce the probability of occurrence of risk events (preventive action) and actions to minimize the impact of risk that still occurs (contingency action). Since, there are different categories of risks that have different impact on the project success, different strategies are adopted while devising strategies to mitigate risks (Caron 2013). Risk monitoring: Risk management is a repetitive process and the project managers or risk facilitators are continuously required to evaluate the external and internal factors affecting the project and identify various risks that may come up in the life cycle of the project. Further, through the strategies implemented to mitigate the risks, it becomes important to re-evaluate and re-categorize the risk in terms of likelihood and seriousness to the project (Moran 2014). Tools and techniques for monitoring and controlling risks in project management Risk monitoring and control is the process of identifying risk and risk triggers, monitoring residual risks and identifying new risks that may arise in the process of project execution. It also aims at execution of risk management plans and evaluating its effectiveness in reducing risks. Various tools and techniques that can be used by project management are discussed as Project risk response audits: in this, risk auditors examine and document the effectiveness of risk response system devised by the project manager to avoid, transfer and mitigate risk occurrence (Moran 2014). Periodic project risk reviews: in order to identify and manage new risks periodic reviews are scheduled and project risks are analysed. Risk ratings and prioritization may change over the life cycle of project. Therefore, periodic risk reviews helps in keeping the risk profile updated. Earned value analysis: this method is used to measure overall performance of the project against a baseline plan. This method helps in analysing any project deviations in terms of project costs and schedule targets. Variance and trend analysis: variance analysis is a method of comparing actual project results to expected results. The most common variances that are compared are project cost and project schedule. On the other hand, trend analysis involves evaluating project results over time to access whether the performance is improving or deteriorating. Technical performance measurement: This method helps in comparing technical accomplishments during project execution to the project plans schedule of technical achievement. If the project presents any deviation from achieving technical achievement at planned milestone, it can imply project risk in achieving its objective. Additional risk response planning: If a new risk emerges during project life that has not been identified in the risk development plan, the planed response may not be adequate. Therefore, it becomes necessary to perform additional risk response planning (Moran 2014). Frequency of risk assessment Risk management is an ongoing process and the project managers need to modify contingency plans according to the risk identified in the process of execution. As the project matures, new risks may arise and previously identified risks may disappear, furthermore, risk rating and prioritization changes over time and it becomes crucial for the project manager to periodically undertake risk evaluation and develop suitable strategies to avoid, transfer or mitigate risk occurrences. Therefore, during the project execution, risk meeting must be held to update the status of risks in the risk register, and add new risks. In order to achieve this, project managers need to establish frequent reminder to identify and access risk for the project life cycle. Reminders can be set on the basis of a fixed time period or on the accomplishment of milestone event in the project execution (Kendrick 2015). Role of stakeholders in development of risk registers In addition, while planning risk management approach for the project, stakeholders should also be included in the process. Stakeholders such as suppliers, government, shareholders, employees and customers must be included while developing risk registers. Stakeholders have varied level of expertise on matters concerning the project execution and can provide insight about the risks that might have been ignored in the risk identification process. Further, stakeholders also helps in identification of risk triggers and can be made owned of the risk for better execution of project and achieving organizational objectives (Peixoto et al. 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that risk management plan is one of the crucial tools in the hands of the management to identify and access risk associated with a project and enables the project manager or the risk facilitator. Risk management is an iterative process and require constant reassessment and upgrading so that the risk plan can reflect current position of the project. Further, it is important to involve appropriate key stakeholders of the project in order to have a greater understanding of the projects and assigning individual responsibilities to the stakeholders for risk mitigation and monitoring purposes. The risk management plan outlined above would also enable the management and various key stakeholders to review the risk of the project and determine the firms risk profile based on mutual agreements. References Ashuri, B., Kingsley, G., Rogers, J., Gahrooei, M.R., Ilbeigi, M., Sung, E.J.Y. and Toroghi, S.S.H., 2015.Streamlining Project Delivery through Risk Analysis(No. FHWA-GA-15-1305). Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Burke, R., 2013.Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Caron, F., 2013. Project Risk Management. InManaging the Continuum: Certainty, Uncertainty, Unpredictability in Large Engineering Projects(pp. 67-74). Springer Milan. Kendrick, T., 2015.Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Moran, A., 2014. Project Risk Management. InAgile Risk Management(pp. 17-32). Springer International Publishing. Peixoto, J., Tereso, A., Fernandes, G. and Almeida, R., 2014. Project Risk Management Methodology: A Case Study of an Electric Energy Organization.Procedia technology,16, pp.1096-1105. Pritchard, C.L. and PMP, P.R., 2014.Risk management: concepts and guidance. CRC Press.